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Andreas
S. Weigend,
Ph.D. 000宀0/b>000
The
Networked Economy: Information Management, Strategy, and Innovation
缃00缁00锛0俊000000000锛00000
(6)
Enterprise Software:
Cost and Productivity
浼00杞0欢锛0/font>
000000浜х0
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Agenda
璁00
Goals of IT
IT00000/font> Costs of IT
IT00000/font> Benefits of IT
IT000澶0/font> Potential benefits
娼00000 Measurement of benefits
00000000/font>
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Alan Greenspan
on technology and productivity
0句鸡-0兼0000瀵规00000板000骇000璇00(1999)
甯000ㄧ00界0娴00000000娴0疆000瀹000000瑰氨00俊000浣0000/font> The result during the last five years has been a major acceleration in productivity and, as a consequence, a marked increase in standards of living for the average American household.
0ㄨ00荤0浜0勾涓0000骇000000楂00浠03浣垮0缇00瀹跺涵00钩000娲昏川000000楂00 These processes emphasize the essence of information technology--the expansion of knowledge, and its obverse, the reduction in uncertainty.
杩00浜000藉0璇00淇℃0000000璐ㄦ00000ヨ0000灞00000缁ц3甯00000纭000х000000/font> To be sure, there is also a virtuous cycle at play here. A whole new set of profitable investments raises productivity, which for a time raises profits--spurring further investment and consumption.
0剧0000杩00涓0釜00000惊0000ㄦ0000澶00000娑00000甯00浜00浜х0000楂00杩03000浜00娑0/font>000000婵000村0000璧00娑0垂00/font>
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EAI and
Middleware
EAI00腑0磋0澶0/font>
000锛000ㄩ000/font> Solution: Middleware (between applications)
瑙ｅ0锛0腑0磋0澶000ㄥ00ㄧ郴缁000寸0锛0/font>
搴00绯荤000000/font>
搴00绯荤0涔0000腑0磋0澶0/font>
0000000ㄧ郴缁0/font>
0版0搴00绯0/font>
缃00搴00绯荤0
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Characteristics
of ERP and EAI
ERP00/font>EAI0000癸00惧0浜0/font>EAI0000癸0
EAI锛00涓000ㄩ000/font> BPR = Business Process Reengineering
BPR =浼00娴00000
ERP EAI Technical
00000/font>
Degree of BPR浼00娴00000000搴0/font> High
楂0/font>
Medium涓0/font> Integration Method
0000规0
Process Integration杩00000
Process Mapping杩00瀹00
Length of Implementation搴000舵0
Long00/font>
Medium涓0/font>
Behavioral琛0负00/font> Degree of Resistance
0诲0绋0害
High楂0/font>
Low浣0/font> Business Process
涓00杩00
Centralized00腑00/font>
Decentralized000涓00
Internalization Period0介000000/font>
Long00/font> Short
00/font>
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IT Productivity
Paradox
IT00骇000璁0/font>
1987:
00ou can see the computer age everywhere but in the productivity statistics.0000/font>浣00浠ョ00伴0浜00浜х0缁00锛00绠000朵唬000000000 Bob Solow, MIT, 1987 2003: 00he IT productivity paradox is history00
00T00骇000璁哄凡00负00000/font> Eric Brynjolfsson, MIT, 2003
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Data used
to measure IT Productivity
搴00IT00骇0000版0
0╂0000绌朵娇0ㄩ0姘村钩00000000/font> E.g., whole industries or economies (e.g. OECD data)
姣000翠釜琛00000缁00锛00濡0/font>OECD0版0锛0/font> Late in the 1990s more fine-grained data became available
20涓0邯90骞翠唬000锛00瀵0000Е000寰0/font>
E.g., different characterizations of IT (mainframes, PCs, staff)姣00IT000000000澶у00猴0涓0汉0猴0淇℃0绯荤000伐锛0/font> Subsets of the economies (manufacturing vs. services)
000娴00涓00瀛0被锛00000瀵规0000涓00 Brynjolfsson (
Optimize internal business processes
浼00000涓00娴00 Increase IT efficiency
000IT000 Increase functionality for user
0000ㄦ000000/font> Improve internal reporting
0瑰00000ュ0璐ㄩ0
Integration of systems
绯荤00村0 Reduce IT costs (HW - SW -Maintenance)
000IT000锛0∥浠讹0杞0欢锛0淮0わ0 Increase customer satisfaction
000椤惧0婊℃0搴0/font> Reduce personnel
00000伐浜烘0
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Costs
000
0存0000 Hardware (including upgrades)
纭0欢锛00000绾э0 Software (including upgrades)
杞0欢锛00000绾э0 Cost of operation (technical and personnel costs, shares of costs, operation of IT (rooms, maintenance), network, interior equipment)
杩00000锛0000000伐000锛0000垂000IT0000斤00烘0锛0淮0わ0锛00缁00000璁惧0锛0/font> Depreciation and interest
00000000/font>
Indirect Costs
0存0000 User support
浣跨000000/font> Self-help within working groups
宸ヤ0缁000ㄧ0000
Risks, e.g., Downtime
椋00锛00濡000版000/font> Decrease in company00 productivity
00000骇000000
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Costs
000
0存000000互000 Hardware, Software, Services
纭0欢锛0蒋浠讹000000/font> Maintenance, Support
缁存000000/font> Upgrades (Hardware, Software, Services)
00骇锛0∥浠讹0杞0欢0000★0
Problem: Direct costs often used as main measure
000: 0存0000缁0父00负ERP椤圭000富瑕0 000绱00
Indirect costs are difficult to measure
0存0000寰00娴00锛0/font> Often larger than the direct costs
00父姣000ユ0000澶0/font>
Rule of thumb: For USD 1 spent in ERP, USD 3-4 are spent on consultants who implement, train employees and redesign business processes!
000楠00:姣00ERP涓00璐逛0000缇00锛00灏卞000/font>3-4000缇00锛00璐瑰0浜000姐000伐0硅00000℃0绋000拌0璁′0锛0/font>
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Cost of
an ERP project (mid-size company)
ERP椤圭0000000涓00瑙0ā000锛0/font>
~4,3 Mio. 00/b>
Acquisition/Purchase
0峰0/璐0拱
Operations
杩00
Changes, Upgrades
000锛00绾0/b>
Hardware (new or update
纭0欢锛000版000骇锛0/b>
Software (new or update)
杞0欢锛000版000骇锛0/b>
Personnel (IT, User, support)
00伐锛0/b>IT锛0娇0ㄨ0锛00000
Network and Communication缃00涓00璁0/b>
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Cost-Benefit
Analysis of ERP
ERP0000000剁0000
TCO锛0郴缁00000锛0/font> Purchase, Implementation, Operation, Support, Maintenance and Upgrade of an (IT) system over a specific period of time (typically 3-6 years/asset lifecycle)
涓0釜锛0/font>IT锛0郴缁00涓000舵000000父3-6骞0/font>/璧0骇0000ㄦ0锛00璐0拱0000姐0杩00000000缁存0000绾0/font>
0惰3锛000000惧害00/font>
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Benefits
0剁0
瀹0000000/font> Reduce order throughput times
000璁㈠00ㄦ0 Decrease inventory (less capital binding costs)
000搴00锛00浣00璧00000000锛0/font> Improve capacity utilization
000浜ц00╃000/font>
Qualitative
瀹0000000/font> Transparency
00000/font> Up-to-date information
瀹000存000俊00/font> Improvement of business processes
涓00娴00000杩0/font> Better communication
0村ソ00000/font> Less error rates
0翠0000璇00
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Challenges
for Cost-Benefit Analysis
0剁000000000/font>
IT椤圭0缁0父琚00璁や负浠0000000腑蹇0/font> ERP purchase is strategic decision reflecting company goals
ERP绯荤000喘涔版00000000000000ュ0绛0/font> Clarify how ERP system contributes towards company00 quantitative and qualitative goals (short- and long-term)
00‘ERP绯荤0瑕000╀0瀹000000000000000挎0000瀹00000瀹0000000/font> Pay-off (ROI) may pay later than expected (IT maturity)
IT0000000000000000000插00芥0棰00000000IT000锛0/font>
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Measuring
IT benefits
搴00IT0剁0000娉0/font>
0剁000000000/font>
Productivity: Input/Output00骇000000/浜у0 ROI = (Quantifiable Benefits - Costs) / Investment *100 (typically annualized)
000000000锛0000000000000」000锛0/font>/000*100 锛00甯镐互骞翠负000锛0/font> Do not confuse with
涓00涓0000害000000娣锋0 Net Present Value (NPV): Present value of a project00 cash inflows minus the present value of the project00 cash outflows (in 00:
0000硷0NPV锛00椤圭00伴0娴000000煎00婚」0000000虹00板0锛00000 Payback: the point of time where an investment equals its net sales (in months); Break-Even:
000000000棰00浜000跺00000寸0锛0互00负000锛00寰0け0稿0锛0/font> Payback period = Investments / (Quantifiable Benefits - Costs)
000000000棰0/font>/锛0000000000000」000锛0/font>
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Where to
measure ERP benefits
0ㄥ000害00/font>ERP0剁0
Top Management:
楂0骇绠＄0灞0/b>
绔000000000藉0 Profitability, Financial stability
0000э0璐㈠0绋冲000/font>
Business division:
涓000ㄩ0
甯00浠介0锛0000/font> Cost, Flexibility
000锛0脊00/font>
Work place:
搴0000伐
娲诲0000锛00甯稿伐浣0/font> Information collection, process work
淇℃00堕0锛00宸ュ000/font>
Department:
0ㄩ0灞00
000锛00绛0000/font> Performance: Quality and time
宸ヤ0璐ㄩ0锛0伐浣0000/font>
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Cost-Benefit
Analysis: An Overview
000锛00000000绾佃0
1) Cost
analysis
000000
2) Benefit
analysis
0剁0000
quantitative
Benefit
瀹000剁0
qualitative
Benefit
瀹000剁0
4) Profitability analysis
0000藉0000
Measure quantitative
and qualitative benefit
搴00瀹000000х00剁0
ROI = (Benefits - Costs) / Investment
000000000ROI锛00锛0000/b>-000锛0/b>/000
3) Process-oriented
metrics model
娴00瀵煎000000ā000涓00000璁0/b>
5) Benchmark and actions
0哄000000/b>
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Sources
of software: Buy vs Build?
杞0欢000婧00璐0拱杩00寮00
寮00 In-house development
000寮00 Outsourced
澶00
BUY
璐0拱 Packaged software producers
棰00瑁00杞0欢00骇00/font> Commercial off the shelf (COTS)
涓00瀹0000000骇00/font> Enterprise solution software
浼00瑙ｅ00规0杞0欢 E.g. ERP modules
姣00锛0/font>ERP妯″0 All-from-one-vendor vs. Best-of-breed
浠00瀹惰蒋浠朵0搴00澶00寰000000ㄩ0浜у0涓00涓00杞0欢渚000000000峰00朵00夸骇000姣00
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Criteria
for Choosing Off-the-Shelf Software(COTS)
0000版0杞0欢锛0/font>COTS锛00000
000: 姣00000寮0000喘涔0/font> Functionality: Mandatory,essential and desired features
00000/font>: 蹇000000烘00000宠0000寰0/font> Vendor Support: Installation,Training, Technical Support
渚0000000/font>: 瀹00, 0硅0, 000000 Viability of Vendor
渚00000绔0000/font>
Flexibility锛0/font> ease of customization
0垫椿0э0 瀹000000炬0绋0害 Documentation: User documentation, technical documentation
00。璧00: 0ㄦ000。, 00000。 Response Time
瀹㈡00000℃000/font> Ease of Installation
瀹00000000搴0/font>
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Indirect
costs are important
0存00000ㄩ00╄蒋浠舵0璧峰0000浣00
0存0000 Software
杞0欢00∥浠0/font> Hardware Support
000000 Staffing
浜哄0000
Indirect Cost
0存0000 Peer support
00000000/font> Casual learning
000寮00涔0/font> Formal training
姝ｅ00硅0 Application development
搴00绋00寮00
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LIUJUN: make standard
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Bottom up (EAI), Accenture etc
Top down
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ROI measures how effectively the
firm uses its capital to generate profit
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Auswahl von Kennzahlen auf Basis der Kenntnisse 眉ber die IT-unterst眉tzten Prozesse
Kennzahlen basieren auf standardisierten Kennzahlenmodellen (SCOR 6.0, VDI-Logistikkennzahlen, GIPP-Modell)
Kennzahlen sind den Prozessen zugeordnet und detailliert beschrieben (ca. 1000 Kennzahlen aus denen eine individualisierte Auswahl erfolgt)
Kennzahlen werden strukturiert und nach Me0barkeit (z.B. Kosten, Zeit, Qualit盲t) kategorisiert
Nutzwertanalyse erm枚glicht eine individuelle Gewichtung der Kennzahlen
Kennzahlen werden 眉ber einen
definierten Zeitraum gemessen, Ziel ist eine Verbesserung der Nutzwerte,
Benchmarks erm枚glichen Verbesserungspotentiale zu erkennen
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some applications cannot be changed- turn key solutions rule of thumb: COTS meet about 70% of an organizations needsHW: IBM, HP Packaged Software: Microsoft Custom Software: Accenture, IBM ERP: SAP, Oracle, Peoplesoft (HR system), JD Edwards (manufacturing and procurement) the modules are integrated to focus on business processes rather than on business functional areas some customers go for the best-of-breed of different ERP vendors.
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cost: cost of maintenance is very important as opposed to upgrading licenses each year functionality: the analysis phase is very important also prior to buying COTS, because it is possible to check the COT s ability to meet user requirements flexibility: refers to how easy it is for you to customize the software18
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download (6) Enterprise Software: Cost and Productivity 企业软件： 成本和生产率
