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The web site itself may have changed. You can check the current page or check for previous versions at the Internet Archive.Yahoo! is not affiliated with the authors of this page or responsible for its content.KENYA NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2006KENYA NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2006HUMAN SECURITY AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT:A DELIBERATE CHOICE5 t h K e n y a H u m a n D e v e l o p m e n t R e p o r ti iThis is the fifth National Human Development Report for Kenya. It presents an independent voice on the interconnected-
ness of human security and human development. Though sponsored by UNDP, the report does not reflect UN or UNDP
policy. It is a rejoinder to the unprecedented promise by World leaders to address as a single package, peace,security,
development, human rights and fundamental freedoms. As articulated in the Secretary Generals report In Larger
Freedom:towards development, security and human rights for all, We will not enjoy development without security, we
will not enjoy security without development, and we will not enjoy either without respect for human rights. Unless all
these causes are advanced, none will succeed.UNDP-sponsored Human Development Reports over the years have won a well-deserved reputation for excellence. They
have played an indispensable catalytic role in helping shape and forge concrete responses to key policy debates. As this
report persuasively argues, one of the challenges facing community development in Kenya is that of controlling human
insecurity, which challenges the efforts towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals by the target date of 2015.
This agenda will not succeed unless we can decisively resolve the bottlenecks retarding progress in the key realm of human
security. The report looks at the facts and delivers a compelling and comprehensive analysis on how this can be done. It
suggests ways and means in which the country and its leadership can take concrete action to address deficits in security,
to safeguard Kenya from the threat of want and fear so that every man, woman and child in the street can have the free-
dom to live a life of dignity.It is my hope that, as an articulation of a key development challenge, this report will frame an ambitious agenda for Kenya
in the months and years to come.Paul Andre de la Porte
Resident Representative, UNDP, Kenya.Forewordi i iContributorsThis National Human Development Report is the result of a collective and participatory effort. The drafting team - whose
lead contributors were: Dr. Joseph Onjala, Mr. Elijah Agevi, Mr. Albert Mwenda, Mr. Willis Wasala, Mr. George Kut and Mr.
Seraphin Njagi - provided the initial direction to the report. Several organizations shared their data and other research mate-
rial. They included: the Government of Kenya - Central Bureau of Statistics; the Institute for Development Studies, University
of Nairobi; the Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research and Analysis; the Institute of Economic Affairs; and UN-HABITAT.Advisory GroupThe National Technical Advisory Team was composed of Mr. Stephen Wainaina, Economic Planning Secretary, Ministry of
Planning and National Development; Alan Ragi of Kenya NGO Council; J.N Macharia, Special Programmes in the Office of
the President; S.M Machuka of the Ministry of Planning; A. K. M. Kilele, Director, Central Bureau of Statistics; John M.
Njoroge, in the Provincial Administration department in the Office of the President; and Elder N. Onsomu of Kenya Institute
for Public Policy Research and Analysis.ConsultantsMany Individuals and colleagues who were consulted during the preparation of the report provided useful comments and
suggestions. Similarly, the report team benefited from discussions and consultations during the stakeholder meetings and
related peer review activities. The team is also indebted to the UNDP Country Office and the UN steering committee for their
comments on the drafts, and especially the UNDP Resident Representative, Mr. Paul Andre de la Porte, and the Deputy
Resident Representative (Programme) Ms. Nardos Bekele-Thomas. The team extends special thanks to UNDP Senior Field
Economist for Kenya and Uganda, Mr. Alexander Aboagye, and Professor Michael Chege, UNDP Advisor to the Ministry of
Planning and National Development, for their intellectual advice and professional guidance. The team would also like to
thank Ms. Rubina Haroon, the Head of Strategic Outreach Unit under whose unit this report falls, and UNDP National Human
Development Report, Country Office focal point and National Economist, Mr. Seraphin Njagi, for coordinating the work on
the report and directing the work of the drafters. The team gratefully acknowledges the support through excellent peer
reviews provided by the Regional Service Centre in Johannesburg and the Human Development Report Office in New York.UNDP ReadersA readers group comprised of the staff of UNDP and other UN Agencies provided valuable suggestions and edits through-
out the drafting process.Overall Production and ManagementTechnical and production editing and layout were provided by Michael Jones Software, UNDP General Services Unit pro-
vided critical administrative support and management services. We wish to acknowledge typesetting support services of
Ms. Jacqueline Anyona during the drafting process, as well as the valuable work of the main editor of the report, Prof.
Okoth Okombo.AcknowledgementsContentsForeword
Acknowledgements
Acronyms
Summary
OverviewCHAPTER 1: Linking Human Security to Human DevelopmentNew Dimensions1.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................................................................11.2 Human Security as a Platform for Human Development ..........................................................................................11.3 The Security Vulnerability Profile ..............................................................................................................................4CHAPTER 2: Human Security and Human Development2.1 Measuring and Monitoring Human Development ..................................................................................................132.2 Human Development Index (HDI)............................................................................................................................142.3 Gender and Human Development Estimates ..........................................................................................................172.4 Human Poverty Estimates2.5 Human Security and Human Development Oriented Strategy ................................................................................18CHAPTER 3: Initiatives in Response to Human Security3.1 Overview ................................................................................................................................................................213.2 Tracing the Development of Human Security and Human Development ................................................................213.3 Addressing Human Security and Human Development ..........................................................................................223.4 Addressing Want-based Insecurity through Enhancing the Right to Education ......................................................363.5 Devolved Funds ......................................................................................................................................................373.6 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................................................38CHAPTER 4: HIV/AIDS, Malaria, and TBSpecial Cases of Human Insecurity4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................394.2 Looking at HIV/AIDS, Malaria and TB as a threat to Human Security ....................................................................414.3 HIV/AIDS, Malaria and TB: A Source of Human Insecurity ......................................................................................424.4 HIV/AIDS, Malaria and TB, and Economic Insecurity................................................................................................424.5 HIV/AIDS, Malaria and TB and Social Insecurity ......................................................................................................444.6 HIV/AIDS, Malaria and TB and Political Insecurity ..................................................................................................464.7 Spectrum Software ..................................................................................................................................................47CHAPTER 5: Chronic Poverty and Insecurity5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................495.2 Meaning of Chronic Poverty....................................................................................................................................495.3 Disaggregating Chronic Poverty and Low Income ..................................................................................................505.4 Who are the Chronically Poor?................................................................................................................................505 t h K e n y a H u m a n D e v e l o p m e n t R e p o r ti vv5.5 The Poverty Dimension............................................................................................................................................515.6 Chronic Poverty and Human Insecurity Traps ..........................................................................................................515.7 From Physical to Chronic Poverty and Human Insecurity ........................................................................................525.8 Chronic Poverty Predisposes People to Insecurity ..................................................................................................545.9 Development Catalyzes Human Security ................................................................................................................555.10 Harnessing Peace from Conflict Sensitive Development Efforts ..............................................................................555.11 Re-examining Perceptions of Chronic Poverty and Insecurity..................................................................................565.12 Conclusion ..............................................................................................................................................................56CHAPTER 6: Renewing PartnershipsAddressing Human Security and Human Development6.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................576.2 Defining New Partnership Arrangements. to address the Challenges Human Security............................................586.3 The Challenges of Delivering Human Security ........................................................................................................58CHAPTER 7: Delivering Human Security7.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................657.2 Human security Concerns........................................................................................................................................657.3 Responding to Kenyans Human Security Concerns ................................................................................................657.4 The Broad Delivery Principles ..................................................................................................................................67BoxesBox 1.1The Concept of Human SecurityBox 1.2Human Security: 1994 DefinitionBox 1.3Development as FreedomBox 1.4Threats to Freedom From WantsBox 1.5Multi-dimensionality of PovertyBox 2.1Some Striking Features on InequalityBox 2.2Is Increasing Growth also Increasing
Poverty and Inequality in Kenya?Box 2.3Social and Cultural RightsBox 2.4Rights to HealthBox 2.5Expanding Opportunities for Human
DevelopmentBox 3.1Provincial Imbalance and Social InertiaBox 3.2Ethnic ClashesBox 3.3Judicial Commission on Tribal ClashesBox 3.4The Wajir Peace Development CommitteeBox 3.5Conflict PreventionBox 3.6Functions of the PoliceBox 3.7Public-Private Partnership in Security ProvisionBox 3.8Private Security Providers CommentBox 3.9Improved Urban Design and EnvironmentBox 3.10 Re-introduction of Multi-party Democracy
Box 3.11 Mathare 4A Project
Box 3.12 Health: Provision of Basic Health Services
Box 3.13 Targets for the Economic Recovery Strategy
Box 3.14 Urban Environment
Box 3.15 Emerging and Cross-cutting Issues
Box 3.16 Vulnerable Cases
Box 3.17 The CDF Concept
Box 3.18 A Nutritionists PerspectiveBox 4.1Human Development Approach to HIV/AIDSBox 4.2Impact of HIV/AIDS on Human DevelopmentBox 5.1Anjelinas Poverty StoryBox 5.2The Concept of Security (UN HDHR 1994)Box 5.3A Perception of Risks within Pastoralist
Households in Northern KenyaBox 5.4Tasks for the Government and NGOs Engaged
in Poverty Reduction InitiativesBox 7.1Kenyan National AnthemBox 7.2Some Burning Human Security ConcernsBox 7.3Adherence to the Basic Principles is Critical for
SuccessBox 7.4A Summary of the Human Security Picture of
TomorrowFiguresFigure 1.1 Broad Realms of Human Security
Figure 1.2 Human Security as a Minimum Platform forHuman DevelopmentFigure 2.1 Human Development Index, 2005 and 2004ComparisonsFigure 2.2 Human Development Indices, Bottom/Top TenDistricts, 2005Figure 2.3 Gender Development Index, 2004 and 2005ComparisonsFigure 2.4 Gender Development Index, Bottom/Top TenDistricts, 2005Figure 2.5 HPI by Province, 2004 and 2005 Comparisons
Figure 2.6 Human Poverty Index, Top/Bottom Ten Districts,2005Figure 4.1 Adult HIV/AIDS Prevalence
Figure 4.2 Age-sex Distribution of Reported HIV/AIDSCases 1986-2000Figure 4.3 Problems Among Families and HouseholdsAffected by HIV/AIDS, Malaria and TBFigure 6.1 Players and Initiatives in Security TerrainTablesTable 1.1 Distinctive Characteristics of Poverty andVulnerabilityTable 3.1 Annual Crime Statistics of 2001- 2005 asReported to the PoliceTable 3.2 Reported Cases of Rape and Attempted Rape,Assault and Battering(2001- 2005)Table 3.3 Health Access per Province
Table 3.4 Primary School Enrolment by Class and Gender,2001 - 2005Table 4.1 Demographic Indicators: 1963 2004
Table 4.2 Adult HIV Prevalence by Province (Percent,2004)Table 4.3 Number of Orphans by Type (2004)Table 5.1 Requirements for Human Flourishing and theirRelation to Chronic PovertyMapsMap 1.1Food Insecure Population by DistrictMap 1.2Potential Conflict AreasMap 5.1Incidences of Poverty by ProvinceGraphsGraph 1.1 Under 5 Mortality Rates
Graph 1.2 Net Financial Flows to Kenya, 1989 - 20045 t h K e n y a H u m a n D e v e l o p m e n t R e p o r tv iLists of Boxes, Figures,Tables, Maps, Graphsv i iAcronymsACEG-African Centre for Economic GrowthAIDS-Acquired Immuno-deficiency SyndromeALI-Adult Literacy IndexALRMP-Arid Land Resource Management ProgrammeAPPPI-Adjusted Real GDP per capita (PPP$) IndexART-Anti-Retroviral TherapyASAL-Arid and Semi-arid LandsCBOs-Community-based OrganizationsCBS-Central Bureau of StatisticsCCN-City Council of NairobiCDF-Constituency Development FundCGD-Centre for Governance and DevelopmentCGEI-Combined Gross Enrolment IndexCGER-Combined Gross Enrolment RatioCIDA-Canadian International Development AgencyCIFA-Community Initiative Facilitation AssistanceCKRC-Constitution of Kenya Review CommissionCO-Country OfficeCSOs-Civil Society OrganizationsDCR-Development Cooperation ReportDfID-(UK) Department for International DevelopmentDPC-District Peace CommitteeDRC-Democratic Republic of CongoEA-East AfricaECK-Electoral Commission of KenyaEFA-Education for AllEMCA-Environmental Management Coordination ActEMOP-Emergency OperationsERS-Economic Recovery StrategyEU-European UnionFAO-Food and Agriculture OrganizationFEWS-NET-Field Early Warning System - NetworkFKE-Federation of Kenya EmployersFPE-Free Primary EducationGDI-Gender-related Development IndexGDP-Gross Domestic ProductGEM-Gender Empowerment MeasureGHDR-Global Human Development ReportGNP-Gross National ProductGoK-Government of KenyaGSU-General Service UnitHDI-Human Development IndexHDR-Human Development ReportHIV-Human Immuno-Deficiency VirusHPI-Human Poverty IndexIDPs-Internally Displaced PersonsIEC-Information, Education and CommunicationIGAD-Inter-Governmental Authority on DevelopmentILO-International Labour OrganizationIMF-International Monetary FundIPCC-Inter-Governmental Panel on climate ChangeIP-ERS-Investment Programme for Economic Recovery StrategyIPPG-Inter-Parties Parliamentary GroupITDG-Intermediate Technology Development GroupJICA-Japan International Cooperation AgencyKANU-Kenya African National UnionKDHS-Kenya Demographic and Health SurveyKENSUP-Kenya Slum Upgrading ProgrammeK-HURINET-Kenya Human Rights NetworkKIPPRA-Kenya Institute of Public Policy, Research and AnalysisKNCHR-Kenya National Commission on Human RightsKEMSA-Kenya Medical Supplies AgencyKNFP-Kenya National Focal PointKSIA-Kenya Security Industry AssociationKWH-Kilowatts per HourLATF-Local Authority Transfer FundLASDAP-Local Authority Service Delivery Action PlanLEI-Life Expectancy IndexMDGs-Millennium Development GoalsMICS-Multiple Indicators Cluster SurveyMNCs-Multinational CorporationsMOH-Ministry of HealthMOEST-Ministry of Education Science and TechnologyMPET-Master Plan on Education and TrainingNACC-National Aids Control CouncilNARC-National Rainbow CoalitionNCBDA-Nairobi Central Business District AssociationNEMA-National Environment Management AuthorityNGO-Non-Governmental OrganizationNHC-National Housing CorporationNHDR-National Human Development ReportNHIF-National Health Insurance FundNHS-National Health ServiceNPEP-National Poverty Eradication PlanNSC-National Steering CommitteeNSSF-National Social Security FundNTAT-National Technical Advisory TeamOCHA-Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian AffairsOCPD-Officer Commanding Police DivisionOCS-Officer Commanding Police StationOECD-Organization of Economic Cooperation and DevelopmentOLF-Oromo Liberation FrontPAC-Parliamentary Accounts CommitteePER-Public Expenditure ReviewPHC-Public Health CarePMTCT-Prevention of Mother to Child TransmissionPPO-Provincial Police OfficerPPP-Purchasing Power ParityPRGF-Poverty Reduction and Growth FacilityPRSP-Poverty Reduction Strategy PaperSALWs-Small Arms and Light WeaponsSAPs-Structural Adjustment ProgrammesSOT-Suppression of TerrorismSSA-Sub-Saharan AfricaTB-TuberculosisTJRC-Truth, Justice and Reconciliation CommissionUN-United NationsUNICEF-United Nations Childrens FundUNDP-United Nations Development ProgrammeUS-United StatesVCT-Voluntary Counselling and TestingWFP-World Food ProgrammeWHO-World Health OrganisationWMS-Welfare Monitoring SurveyWMSII-Welfare Monitoring Survey IIWSSD-World Summit for Sustainable DevelopmentWTO-World Trade OrganizationSummary5 t h K e n y a H u m a n D e v e l o p m e n t R e p o r tv i i iThe Concept and Framework of Human SecurityThis report examines how Human Security and Human
Development are mutually reinforcing anchoring the concept
on UNDPs expanded definition as articulated in the 1994
Global Human Development Report. At the outset, the report
observes that for a large majority of Kenyans, the broader
dimensions of human security is a novelty since they have till
now all along embraced security in the traditional sense.The expanded human security concept was introduced by
UNDP in 1994 in an attempt to move away from the narrow
traditional security focus hinged on the protection and mili-
tary defence from threats to territorial integrity and sover-
eignty of states. It expanded the frontiers to include a com-
prehensive coverage of other factors that, perhaps even
more significantly, threaten life, survival, dignity and the well
being of individuals.This broader concept equates security with people rather
than territories, with development rather than arms. It
visualizes that without human security, there is limited
chance for people to enhance their capabilities and expand
freedoms by removing barriers to development, livelihoods
and sources of unfreedom - such as poverty, poor economic
opportunities, social deprivation or absence of institutions
for the maintenance of peace and security. It places human
security threats under seven main clusters:- economic
security, food security, health security, environmental secu-
rity, personal security, community security, and political
security. This definition provides elements that are so con-
crete that,when considered together, provide a powerful
conceptual tool for policy and action to move forward the
cause of human development and welfare.In that vein, human security permits progress on human
development by providing the essence (a) to live a long,
healthy and productive life (b) to access knowledge (c) to
have sufficient material to meet basic needs (d) to partici-
pate freely in community and public life. Guaranteed secu-
rity reassures progress on several fronts, namely (i) strong
growth, sustainable and equality of wealth (ii) development
of human health and education (iii) fight against poverty
(iv) creation of decent jobs (vi) support to women and
advancement of gender equality (vii) taking care of the
environment, and (viii) promotion of good governance, both
political, economic, social and cultural.Despite the critical linkage between human security and
human development, Kenya has not explicitly embraced the
concept of human security in her development approaches.The State of Human DevelopmentKenyas Human Development Index has increased margin-
ally in recent years, reflecting peoples improving standards
of living from rising economic growth. Nevertheless, a
majority of Kenyans are still trapped in deepening poverty.The Human Poverty Index for 2005 is 37 percent but income
poverty levels are higher at 56 percent. Other important
messages are as follows:
Kenyas HDI has increased from 0.520 in 2004 to 0.532in 2005 maintaining Kenya in the Medium humandevelopment level. This has largely resulted from the
benefits of growth in the economy and increasing access
to educational and health facilities. Regions within the country with low HDI and GDIcoincide with those encountering persistent human
insecurity in form of conflict and disasters such as
floods, low potential as in ASAL areas and those that
suffer degradation. Regions with high human development are those thatoffer higher opportunities and with relatively better
human security. Women empowerment and participation in economic,professional (administrative, managerial and technical)
and political/elective spheres, although improving, still
remains very low.A significant implication of the above is that without guar-
anteed safety from personal harm and threats to life and
property, human beings cannot engage in development
activities that enrich their lives and enable them to con-
quer adversities such as hunger and poverty. As a funda-
mental platform for the human development process,
human security lays emphasis on human rights and open-
ing up resources and livelihood opportunities to people. It
anchors on the entrenchment of the rule of law and legal
and judicial systems that deepen concerns for human
rights in the country and safeguarding people from under-
lying causes of human insecurity that include economic
despair and social injustice.It also includes providing people with secure, productive and
satisfying lives and deepened processes and systems that
give people chances for survival, livelihood and dignity.National Responses to Human InsecurityKenya has pursued a myriad of policy regimes, legislative and
legal frameworks and programmatic interventions aimed at
reducing human insecurity and improving livelihoods.However, to a large extent, these efforts have directly sought
economic development. Access to education, health, prop-
erty rights, social security, freedom and political participa-
tion, equality and non-discrimination have over time been
seen from a purely economic perspective.By implication, economic development has been viewed
as the ultimate goal and achievement of human develop-
ment as a residual. One of the main reasons has been
that the concepts of human security and human develop-
ment had not become part of policy discourse before
1990. In recent times, Kenya has instituted efforts aimed
at addressing human security and human development
including addressing fear-based insecurity, gender based-
insecurity, terror threats, as well as want-based insecurity.
Such efforts include major policy articulations such as
NPEP, PRSP, ERS, Police Act and Police reforms including
community policing, Safer Cities Programme, GJLOS,
peace building initiatives, Anti-terrorism Bill, Slum
Upgrading, and the establishment of funds such as CDF
and LATF. However, the interventions have not been
backed by adequate resource allocation necessary for
implementation, and coordination efforts have remained
problematic.Key Messages of the ReportThe expanded
human security
concept introduced
by UNDP in 1994
places human
security threats
under seven main
clusters:- economic
security, food
security, health
security;
environmental
security, personal
security, community
security, and
political security.i xHuman Security Threats from HIV/AIDS,
Malaria and TBKenya has made commendable progress in reversing the
trend and prevalence of HIV/AIDS from 13.9 percent in
1999 to 6.7 percent in 2003. Nevertheless, challenges
remain particularly in effective prevention and behaviour
and attitude change, which threaten the achievement of a
sustained progress in human development. While the
impact and magnitude of HIV/AIDS is real, malaria remains
a leading killer, accounting for about five percent of
deaths. If untreated, malaria can have a fatality rate of up
to 50 percent. In turn, the cumulative number of people liv-
ing with active TB reached 200,000 by 2005. However, only
about 50 percent of the estimated cases have been cap-
tured by the TB control programme, raising fears that more
people could be living with TB. Despite critical significance
of malaria and TB, the two do not appear to receive as
much public attention as they deserve.Human Security, Poverty and the Development NexusPoverty and human insecurity are connected in a circular
manner as each of them leads to the other. In the Kenyan
situation this relationship springs from competition over
resources, among others. Chronic poverty has not received
the research and policy attention that it deserves, with
development, insecurity would be minimised.Partnerships for Human SecurityDealing with the multi-faceted phenomenon of human
security and human development requires renewed, well-coordinated and effective partnerships. The partnership
arrangements must clearly define the manifestations of
insecurities and ensure that various actors are assigned
roles based on their comparative advantages and diver-
gent interests. The success of the partnerships also hinges
on the availability of engagement frameworks that accom-
modate all actors and clearly defines their roles. The pro-
posed Private/Public partnership policy strategy should be
speeded up to provide a more predictable way of engag-
ing. The success of the partnerships is anchored on the
extent to which the national government is willing to pro-
vide an enabling environment for actors to engage - which
entails the provision of legal, policy and institutional
frameworks. Adequate budgetary allocation to support
human security initiatives is imperative.Delivering Human SecurityHuman security is all-embracing and remains relevant in
addressing a myriad of issues, including:
Achieving a prosperous and economically just societythat ensures equal distribution of national wealth Ensuring sufficiency in food to a level that guaranteesdecent life and access to basic education for all Guaranteeing social security and essential health care
Ensuring freedom from personal and community harmfor all Kenyans Guaranteeing environmental and political security
Pursuing partnerships for posterity.The underpinning principle for such an aspiration is that it is
participative and integrative, touching on all aspects of
security in order to attain human development.

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